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A 10-year-old child is assessed for a short neck and longstanding restriction of neck movement. Cervical radiographs demonstrate congenital fusion of the C3 and C4 vertebral bodies and posterior elements, with a rudimentary intervening disc. Which embryological abnormality best explains these findings?

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1

Failure of formation of one side of a vertebral body

2

Failure of fusion of the paired lateral chondrification centers of a vertebral body

3

Failure of normal segmentation of adjacent cervical somites

4

Failure of posterior vertebral arch fusion

5

Failure of development of a vertebral centrum

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abnormality of spinal alignment.png

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