A patient with a spinal deformity has undergone multiple radiographs and CT examinations and is concerned about cumulative radiation exposure. Further neural imaging is required. Which statement about MRI is correct?

MRI uses a lower dose of ionizing radiation than CT.

Repeated MRI examinations contribute to cumulative ionizing radiation exposure.

MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency energy rather than ionizing radiation.

MRI avoids ionizing radiation only when performed without gadolinium contrast.

MRI uses ionizing radiation, but shielding substantially reduces the absorbed dose.